沟垄集雨对旱地燕麦前期水热状况及发育期的影响

通过4个沟垄集雨处理对旱地燕麦前期水热状况及发育期的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明,处理T3可以显著的提高作物耕作层的水分,显著高于处理T1。处理T1地温的日变幅最大(8.8℃),处理T3最小(5.8℃)。处理T3与T4的出苗率最高,分别为67.88%和65.85%,显著高于处理T1(49.51%)。处理T3到达苗期的发育期最短(22d),显著小于处理T1(29d)。可见,处理T3可以显著地提高作物生育前期的土壤水温条件,提高出苗率及缩短作物的发育期。     

畦灌灌水技术要素组合优化

以杨凌区进行的畦灌大田试验为基础,采用WinSRFR软件对各试验点的灌水质量进行了模拟,并分析了畦长、田面坡度、入畦单宽流量和改口成数对灌水效率Ea、灌水均匀度Ed和储水效率Es的影响;在此基础上,结合均匀试验设计与多元回归分析的方法,构建了包含灌水效率Ea、灌水均匀度Ed和储水效率Es在内的单目标优化模型,以入畦单宽流量和灌水时间为变量,采用遗传算法对模型进行求解,提出了试验点不同计划灌水深度条件下畦灌灌水技术要素的优化组合,结果表明其可获得高的灌水质量,达到常规畦灌节水的目的。     

西北荒漠绿洲区隔沟交替灌溉对棉花生长及产量与经济效益的影响

2006～2007连续两年在石羊河流域下游民勤县干旱荒漠绿洲区大田试验覆膜条件下隔沟交替灌溉(AFI)和常规沟灌(CFI)对棉花生长、产量及经济效益的影响.结果表明,隔沟交替灌溉方式对棉花株高的生长起到了抑制作用,且结铃率高干常规沟灌处理;在次灌水定额为当地畦灌水平的50%左右时隔沟交替灌溉与常规沟灌处理相比,能够提高棉花的产量和霜前花比例,增加经济效益.在荒漠绿洲区隔沟交替灌溉是一种有效的灌溉方式,可以实现节水优质高效的目标.     

Vertical Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of Fine Root Parameters for Apple Trees of Different Ages on the Loess Plateau of China

The vertical distribution pattern and seasonal dynamics of fine root parameters for the apple trees of different ages （3, 10, 15, and 20 years old） on the Loess Plateau of China were studied. Soil coring method was used to determine the vertical distribution and seasonal dynamics of fine roots at different root radial distances （1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m from the main tree trunk）. The fine root biomass density （FRD）, fine root length density （RLD）, and specific root length （SRL）, as well as soil water content and soil temperature were also measured. The FRD and RLD for the 10, 15, and 20 years old trees reached peak values in the 20-30 cm soil layer. For the 3 years old tree, the highest FRD and RLD were observed in the 10-20 cm soil layer. The FRD and RLD decreased with increased soil depth from the 10-20 or 20-30 cm soil layer for all age apple trees. The SRL declined with the increase of tree age. The FRD at the 1.0 m radial distance from the main tree trunk was higher than that at other radial distances in the 3 and 10 years old orchard. However, in the 15 and 20 years old orchards, especially the 20 years old orchard, the FRD at the 2.0 m radial distance was nearly equal to or higher than that at the 1.0 and 1.5 m radial distances. For all the root radiuses or the tree ages, the FRD, RLD, and SRL were the highest in spring and the lowest in autumn. The age of an apple tree does not affect the vertical distribution pattern but the biomass of fine roots and the SRL. Radial distance affects the root horizontal distribution of 3 and 10 years old trees but the 15 and 20 years old trees. Additionally, effects of soil temperature and soil moisture on fine root distribution or seasonal dynamics are not significant.     

滴灌施肥灌水下限和施肥量对温室番茄生长、产量和生理特性的影响

为探索有利于提高番茄生长和产量的温室滴灌施肥有效模式,试验设置了3个灌水下限[W1(65％θF)、W2(75％θF)和W3(85％θF)]和3个施肥水平[F1(低肥)、F2(中肥)和F3(高肥)],在设施栽培条件下研究了滴灌施肥不同灌水下限和施肥量对番茄植株生长、生理特性和产量的影响.结果表明:滴灌施肥条件下不同的灌水下限和施肥量对温室番茄生长、产量和生理特性都有一定的影响.在同一灌水下限条件下,增加施肥量可以显著提高番茄株高、叶面积、光合和蒸腾速率、干物质量和产量,但过高的施肥量反而不利于其生长、干物质累积和产量的提高;在同一施肥水平下,适当上调灌水下限可以显著增加番茄株高、叶面积和干物质量,过高的灌水下限不利于番茄的生长、光合速率和产量的提高.在试验的砂壤土中,W2F2处理最有利于番茄的生长、干物质的形成、产量和水分利用效率的提高.研究还表明,不同水肥处理条件下,番茄的产量与干物质量和叶片的净光合速率均呈显著的线性相关,番茄叶片的水分利用效率与净光合速率的变化关系均呈二次抛物线相关.     

不同沟灌方式下玉米根区矿物氮迁移动态研究

为探索交替隔沟灌溉下玉米根区矿物氮分布规律, 通过遮雨棚内微区试验, 研究了常规沟灌、交替隔沟灌和固定隔沟灌3 种沟灌方式对玉米根区硝态氮、铵态氮迁移的影响。结果表明: 交替隔沟灌溉根区硝态氮等值线和常规沟灌相似, 沟内硝态氮含量基本沿垄的中心对称分布。固定隔沟灌溉的湿润沟内硝态氮含量小于干燥沟, 施氮后非灌水沟硝态氮保持较高水平。收获时交替隔沟灌溉的根区硝态氮残留量比常规灌溉略高。与硝态氮分布相比, 铵态氮在根区土壤中的含量很小, 3 种沟灌方式在沟和垄中的铵态氮含量没有明显差异。     

甘肃河西地区不同储水灌溉和生育期灌溉农田水分特征分析

对甘肃河西地区不同储水灌溉和生育期灌溉农田水分特征进行了试验研究.结果表明:在河西地区,冬季储水灌溉定额为180 mm的处理,其生育期剖面的土壤水分较多地分布在140～160 cm,且土壤含水量达到30%以上,容易发生深层渗漏;较小的储水灌溉定额,土壤水分主要分布在0～100 cm范围内,不会引起土壤剖面水分的深层渗漏.冬季储水灌溉定额愈大,春播前农田无效土壤蒸发也愈大.冬季储水灌溉定额相同,生育期灌溉定额大的处理其剖面含水量高,且分布愈深,深层土壤的水分渗漏也愈大.总的灌水定额相同,冬季储水灌溉和生育期灌溉比较,生育期灌溉定额较大的处理,剖面水分的分布主要集中在0～100 cm的土层内,没有出现易发生深层渗漏较高的水分分布.在小麦生育期,总的灌溉定额相同的条件下,冬季储水灌溉定额大的处理,0～200 cm土壤水分有亏缺,冬季储水灌溉定额大或生育期灌溉定额大,农田腾发量也愈大.适中的储水灌溉定额,不仅有利于作物的生长,还有利于灌溉水分利用效率的提高.     

Rate of leaf production in response to soil water deficits in field pea

Plant leaf area is critical for predicting the amount of radiation intercepted by a crop, and thereby, for estimating dry matter production. Under soil water deficit conditions, plant leaf expansion is reduced as a result of both a reduction in the rate of leaf production (RLP) and in the rate of individual leaf expansion. Quantifying the effect of soil water deficits on plant leaf expansion depends in part on predicting its effects on the timing of leaf production. The effect of soil water deficits on RLP was examined for three pea cultivars in greenhouse and field experiments. The level of soil water deficit was characterized as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). A quantitative function between RLP and FTSW was established in greenhouse experiments and was tested in independent pot and field experiments. A good consistency in this relationship across a diversity of experimental conditions and cultivars was shown. The logistic function obtained represents an effective way to simulate the effects of soil water deficits on RLP, especially as FTSW could be estimated from a soil water balance. RLP was reduced only for FTSW<0.2, and consequently, RLP was less sensitive to soil water deficits than transpiration and leaf expansion. Soil water deficit induced a slight rise in canopy temperature due to stomatal closure. However, this rise in temperature for FTSW<0.4 cannot account for maintaining RLP compared to the drop of transpiration and of leaf expansion rates observed for FTSW between 0.4 and 0.2. RLP can be considered independent of soil water content if FTSW>0.2. In the field, such level of soil water deficit inducing a decrease of RLP occurs generally only after the end of leaf production during the last reproductive stages of pea crop. Thus, except in situations of extreme soil water deficit and on shallow soils, leaf production depends solely on air temperature.     

播期和水氮互作对滴灌施肥春玉米生长和水氮利用的影响

  【目的】  河西地区石羊河流域的农业生产中水资源短缺，光热资源利用率和水肥利用效率低。通过调整播期协调光热资源与水肥供应，研究提高春玉米生长及水肥利用效率的可能性。  【方法】  大田滴灌试验于2018年在甘肃省中国农业大学石羊河流域农业与生态节水试验站进行。设置3个播种日期，即4月10日 (S₁)、4月20日 (S₂)、4月30日 (S₃)；2个灌水量水平，即80% ET_c (I₈₀)、100% ET_c (I₁₀₀) (ET_c为作物蒸发蒸腾量)；4个施氮量水平，即N 0、120、180、240 kg/hm2，分别表示为N₀、N₁₂₀、N₁₈₀、N₂₄₀。在玉米生长关键期，测定植株生长状况和水分利用指标，收获期测产。  【结果】  播期对春玉米各生育阶段的持续时间影响显著，生育期天数随着播期的推迟呈缩减趋势，合理播期应避免灌浆期的高温辐射和降雨量过多。除耗水量外，施氮量对其它各指标影响显著。叶面积指数、干物质积累量和产量均随灌水量增加而增加，随施氮量增加而上升，产量随播期的推迟而减少。S₁I₁₀₀N₁₈₀处理产量最大，为16830 kg/hm2，比S₂I₁₀₀N₂₄₀处理增产7.35%、节肥14.29%，比S₃I₁₀₀N₁₈₀处理增产12.55%。水分利用效率随施氮量增大而增加，随灌水量增大而升高。S₁I₁₀₀N₁₈₀处理水分利用效率为3.1 kg/m3，比S₁I₈₀N₂₄₀处理高12.32%。氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增大而减小，S₁I₁₀₀N₁₈₀处理氮肥偏生产力为93.5 kg/kg，比S₁I₁₀₀N₁₂₀处理降低4.9%，但增产42.65%。  【结论】  综合产量和节水节肥因素，在本试验条件下适时早播 (4月10日) 有助于充分发挥水肥资源的潜力。在早播和充分灌水条件下，施用较低的氮肥量 (N 180 kg/hm2) 即可获得最高的产量。     

不同生育期水分亏缺及氮营养对冬小麦生长和产量的影响

利用管栽条件研究了不同施氮量条件下不同生育阶段水分有限亏缺对冬小麦生长及其产量的影响。结果表明:在冬小麦拔节期、开花期、灌浆期水分亏缺处理,其株高、根、冠干物质及植株总重差异达到极显著水平,无论任何生育阶段水分亏缺还是全生育期正常供水,株高、根、冠及植株总重都随施氮量的增加而增加,并且氮肥对地上部的促进作用要大于对地下部的促进作用。在拔节期、开花期水分亏缺对小麦的每穗粒数、千粒重、单株产量影响显著,灌浆期水分亏缺对千粒重有显著影响。在适中的施氮水平下苗期、灌浆期适当的水分亏缺对冬小麦的生长和产量没有显著的影响,而在高氮、低氮条件下影响较为显著。